Sign language may be as coarsely expressed as mere grimaces, shrugs, or pointings; or it may employ a delicately nuanced combination of coded manual signals reinforced by … [citation needed] On the BBC, many programmes that broadcast late at night or early in the morning are signed. They also found that there are differences in the grammatical morphology of ASL sentences between the two groups, all suggesting that there is a very important critical period in learning signed languages. If you are saying things just to say them, your partner will be keen to that. Van (ed.). My primary responsibility is teaching everything else is secondary. Included in this innate knowledge must be […] To start practising, just click on any link. An Introduction to Variation in American Sign Language. 11. They are or were especially highly developed among the Warlpiri, Warumungu, Dieri, Kaytetye, Arrernte, and Warlmanpa, and are based on their respective spoken languages. For example, to a group that showed welcoming behavior toward one another at lunch, an adult might say, “I saw that you included everyone in your conversations. SAMPLE QUESTIONS: BASIC MATH AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS ASSESSMENT (BMSA+ELSA) The Basic Math and English Language Skills Assessment (BMSA+ELSA) consists of three tests: • The Accuplacer Arithmetic placement test • The Accuplacer Reading Comprehension placement test • The Accuplacer Sentence Skills placement test . Wherever communities of deaf people exist, sign languages have developed as useful means of communication, and they form the core of local Deaf cultures. In December 2016 the first Australian national curriculum for Auslan was launched, as a result of much lobbying from the deaf (or Deaf) community (Dalzell 2016 ). For a similar group of intransitive verbs (especially motion verbs), it is the subject which is incorporated. American Sign Language: Possession. In video remote interpreting (VRI), the two clients (a sign language user and a hearing person who wish to communicate with each other) are in one location, and the interpreter is in another. When the child begins to speak, signing is usually abandoned, so the child does not progress to acquiring the grammar of the sign language. Paddy Ladd initiated deaf programming on British television in the 1980s and is credited with getting sign language on television and enabling deaf children to be educated in sign. [16] He described such codes for both English and Latin. These skills are organised into categories, and you can move your mouse over any skill name to preview the skill. Resources from Cath Smith at Deafbooks. Login or sign up now! Count animals using sign language with this handy guide. Lucas, Ceil, Bayley, Robert, Clayton Valli. Sign Language Studies, vol. One example of sign language variation in the Deaf community is Black ASL. ASL is expressed by movements of the hands and face. The cognitive linguistics perspective rejects a more traditional definition of iconicity as a relationship between linguistic form and a concrete, real-world referent. After a few months, the non-manuals reappear, this time being used the way adult signers would use them. View. (2000). McCaskill, C. (2011). He notes that sign creoles are much more common than vocal creoles and that we can't know on how many successive creolizations prototype-A sign languages are based prior to their historicity. (María Teresa Guasti, Language Acquisition: The Growth of Grammar. "Can Chimpanzees learn a phonemic language?" Other examples of similes include: The boy was as brave as a lion in the jungle. Sign languages (also known as signed languages) are languages that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning. Is sign language the same in other countries? Learn more. Brown R. (1980). By 1720, the British manual alphabet had found more or less its present form. Non-manual elements may also be lexically contrastive. [20] Similarly, the sign languages of Spain and Mexico are very different, despite Spanish being the national language in each country,[21] and the sign language used in Bolivia is based on ASL rather than any sign language that is used in any other Spanish-speaking country. Legal requirements covering sign language on television vary from country to country. Try these curated collections . [116][117][118][119][120] Notable examples of animals who have learned signs include: One theory of the evolution of human language states that it developed first as a gestural system, which later shifted to speech. of 3,870. group of deaf kid hand sign language sign language hands hand music hand in latex glove deaf person deaf-mute talking in sign language black women with secrets hands sign language. This page was last edited on 10 January 2021, at 15:51. Electron & Proton Features 6. See sign language stock video clips. Within the span of a single lifetime and without the support or feedback of a community, the child naturally invents signs to help meet his or her communication needs, and may even develop a few grammatical rules for combining short sequences of signs. Is Sign Language universal? Sign languages vary in word-order typology. The form is a grasping hand moving from an open palm to the forehead. Now called Gallaudet University, it is still the only liberal arts university for deaf people in the world. The mind ignores some of the similarities between different perceptual categories, at the same time preserving the visual information within each perceptual category of handshape variation. The primary sign language used by deaf and hearing-impaired people in the United States and Canada, devised in part by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet on the basis of sign language in France. Parker and K.R. The mind detects handshape contrasts but groups similar handshapes together in one category. (1988). To find a primary-language subtag, search the page for the name of that language. Wilkins was aware that the systems he describes are old, and refers to Bede's account of Roman and Greek finger alphabets. Here is a list of English language skills students learn in primary 1! by the use of space, two manual articulators, and the signer's face and body. The earliest known printed pictures of consonants of the modern two-handed alphabet appeared in 1698 with Digiti Lingua (Latin for Language [or Tongue] of the Finger), a pamphlet by an anonymous author who was himself unable to speak. Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. Hearing teachers in deaf schools, such as Charles-Michel de l'Épée or Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, are often incorrectly referred to as "inventors" of sign language. "Historical Aspects of Manual Communication", Daniel Defoe (1720). Stokoe W. C., editor. Find out here! Sign language or British Sign Language (BSL) only became officially part of the education provision for deaf pupils in the UK in the early 1990s. Many deaf people do not see a need to write their own language.[75]. Once Upon A Sign : Using American Sign Language To Engage, Entertain, And Teach All Children, p. 15. Examples of this could include: Holding up fingers to represent the numbers of months and dates; Writing in the air; Mouthing / Lip-reading; Writing down on a piece of paper; Sign language; Pointing at a calendar; Explain that these methods of communication are known as “non-verbal communication” (apart from writing, which is ‘written communication’) *. Wittmann's classification went into Ethnologue's database where it is still cited. The interpreter communicates with the sign language user via a video telecommunications link, and with the hearing person by an audio link. There has never been an easier way to learn American Sign Language online. VRI can be used for situations in which no on-site interpreters are available. The concrete source is putting objects into the head from books. The two main forms of signing used in primary schools are sign language and Makaton. Dear Hiring Professional, As a highly skilled Foreign Language Teacher, I read your posting for a new Foreign Language Teacher with interest. Sign languages tend to be incorporating classifier languages, where a classifier handshape representing the object is incorporated into those transitive verbs which allow such modification. of 3,870. group of deaf kid hand sign language sign language hands hand music hand in latex glove deaf person deaf-mute talking in sign language black women with secrets hands sign language. (1990) "The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan" in S.T. Sign languages may be classified by how they arise. for learning those languages. Home sign is amorphous and generally idiosyncratic to a particular family, where a deaf child does not have contact with other deaf children and is not educated in sign. Wittmann adds that this taxonomic criterion is not really applicable with any scientific rigor: Auxiliary sign languages, to the extent that they are full-fledged natural languages (and therefore included in his survey) at all, are mostly used by the deaf as well, and some primary sign languages (such as ASL and, Wittmann's references on the subject, besides his own work on. Sign Languages, 2011, pp. Interestingly, similarities in language acquisition are observed not only across spoken languages, but also between spoken and signed languages." [32] This does not mean that sign languages are a visual rendition of a spoken language. "Endangerment and revitalization of sign languages." Sandler, Wendy (2003). supports HTML5 video, PRIMARY (as in "chief importance or principal"). "Introduction." Speech pace or speed is an example. ), 35–36; cited in Hohenberger (2007) on p. 349. Charles de La Fin published a book in 1692 describing an alphabetic system where pointing to a body part represented the first letter of the part (e.g. Washington D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. "Ghanaian Sign Language." In non-signing communities, home sign is not a full language, but closer to a pidgin. MIT Press, 2002) [25] In M. Aronoff & J. Rees-Miller (Eds.). For instance, when hearing parents with no sign language skills have a deaf child, the child may develop a system of signs naturally, unless repressed by the parents. No type of home sign is recognized as a full language.[105]. Many of these are either precursors to natural sign languages or are derived from them. In Britain the term sign language usually refers to British Sign Language (BSL). (Eds.). 386,939 sign language stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty-free. Still, this kind of system is inadequate for the intellectual development of a child and it comes nowhere near meeting the standards linguists use to describe a complete language. Alternative Sign Language Services There are many types of sign languages around the world that are indigenous to different countries – such as Mexican Sign Language (LSM), American Sign Language interpreting (ASL interpreting), Puerto Rican/Regional Sign Language and more. [53], The cognitive linguistics perspective allows for some signs to be fully iconic or partially iconic given the number of correspondences between the possible parameters of form and meaning. [85] [44], Discourse functions such as turn taking are largely regulated through head movement and eye gaze. [49] Nancy Frishberg concluded that though originally present in many signs, iconicity is degraded over time through the application of natural grammatical processes. It became part of an approach to the education of deaf pupils known as bilingualism or sign bilingualism. Some emerging television technologies allow the viewer to turn the signer on and off in a similar manner to subtitles and closed captioning.[93]. [46][47] However, mimetic aspects of sign language (signs that imitate, mimic, or represent) are found in abundance across a wide variety of sign languages. Most deaf people use a combination of sign language, lip-reading and written communication to go about their daily lives. Taylor-DiLeva, Kim. Primary Sign Language promotional video.Visit http://www.primarysign.com for more information and your free trail. At the lexical level, signs can be lexically specified for non-manual elements in addition to the manual articulation. When Deaf and Hearing people interact, signing systems may be developed that use signs drawn from a natural sign language but used according to the grammar of the spoken language. Hawaiʻi Sign Language; Inuit Sign Language; Mauritian Sign Language; Nicaraguan Sign Language; Peruvian Sign Language; Proposed language families. Today, linguists study sign languages as true languages, part of the field of linguistics. My experience aligns well with the qualifications you are seeking at Weston Academy, in particular my role as Foreign Language Teacher for Spanish at the New Cityland Public Schools, and I am certain I would make a valuable addition to your organization. IXL will track your score, and the questions will … Sarah Batterbury has argued that sign languages should be recognized and supported not merely as an accommodation for the disabled, but as the communication medium of language communities.[89]. Arthrological systems had been in use by hearing people for some time;[12] some have speculated that they can be traced to early Ogham manual alphabets.[13][14]. Available to full members. Unlike Australian Aboriginal sign languages, it shares the spatial grammar of deaf sign languages. Language Skills. Sign language is a visual language that uses hand shapes, facial expression, gestures and body language. Sign language, any means of communication through bodily movements, especially of the hands and arms, used when spoken communication is impossible or not desirable. With video relay service (VRS), the sign language user, the interpreter, and the hearing person are in three separate locations, thus allowing the two clients to talk to each other on the phone through the interpreter. Interestingly, similarities in language acquisition are observed not only across spoken languages, but also between spoken and signed languages." (These were once called cheremes, from the Greek word for "hand", in the case of sign languages, by analogy to the phonemes, from Greek for "voice", of spoken languages, but now also called phonemes, since the function is the same.) Brentari, Diane. View. The practice is probably older than speech. "[81] In 2015, the Federal University of Santa Catarina accepted a dissertation written in Brazilian Sign Language using Sutton SignWriting for a master's degree in linguistics. Sign languages vary in how and how much they borrow from spoken languages. It’s the main language of around 145,000 people in the UK and has been recognised as an official language since … Mixed language telling There are, of course, many different ways of telling a story to a group. [citation needed] This reduces the confusion between parents when trying to figure out what their child wants. Stokoe, William C.; Dorothy C. Casterline; Carl G. Croneberg. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. Professional linguists have studied many sign languages and found that they exhibit the fundamental properties that exist in all languages.[29][1][30]. Regulators and turn-taking in American Sign Language discourse, in Lynn Friedman. There is also a black and white version of each file. Sign languages exploit the unique features of the visual medium (sight), but may also exploit tactile features (tactile sign languages). [50] In his study, Brown found that when a group of six hearing children were taught signs that had high levels of iconic mapping they were significantly more likely to recall the signs in a later memory task than another group of six children that were taught signs that had little or no iconic properties. [73], The acquisition of non-manual features follows an interesting pattern: When a word that always has a particular non-manual feature associated with it (such as a wh- question word) is learned, the non-manual aspects are attached to the word but don't have the flexibility associated with adult use. Colours Do you know the signs for different colours? One of the earliest written records of a sign language is from the fifth century BC, in Plato's Cratylus, where Socrates says: "If we hadn't a voice or a tongue, and wanted to express things to one another, wouldn't we try to make signs by moving our hands, head, and the rest of our body, just as dumb people do at present? Dictionary . Sign language is sometimes provided for television programmes that include speech. Groups of deaf people have used sign languages throughout history. Comments are attached to the specific sign variation for a word. In: Sebeok, Thomas A. Sign language should not be confused with body language, a type of nonverbal communication. Susan Goldin-Meadow (Goldin-Meadow 2003, Van Deusen, Goldin-Meadow & Miller 2001) has done extensive work on home sign systems. It is defined as a fully grammatical and central aspect of a sign language rather than a peripheral phenomenon. in this way, since subjects of intransitives are treated similarly to objects of transitives, incorporation in sign languages can be said to follow an ergative pattern. (1996). [71] Typologically significant differences have been found between sign languages. This section does not cite any sources. As a sign language develops, it sometimes borrows elements from spoken languages, just as all languages borrow from other languages that they are in contact with. [46], In 1978, Psychologist Roger Brown was one of the first to suggest that the properties of ASL give it a clear advantage in terms of learning and memory. Any succinct definition of language makes a number of presuppositions and begs a number of questions. Thus, if ASL consisted of signs that had iconic form-meaning relationship, it could not be considered a real language. You don’t need to be Romeo, professing your love from the street below. (1975). [64] The families of BSL, DGS, JSL, LSF (and possibly LSG) were the products of creolization and relexification of prototype languages. Learn more about the Old English language in this article. Within just a few weeks the gorillas were using sign combinations. However, home sign may also be closer to full language in communities where the hearing population has a gestural mode of language; examples include various Australian Aboriginal sign languages and gestural systems across West Africa, such as Mofu-Gudur in Cameroon. In linguistic terms, sign languages are as rich and complex as any spoken language, despite the common misconception that they are not "real languages". Poizner, Howard; Klima, Edward S.; & Bellugi, Ursula. (2006). Brentari[69][70] classifies sign languages as a whole group determined by the medium of communication (visual instead of auditory) as one group with the features monosyllabic and polymorphemic. Wittmann's explanation for this is that models of acquisition and transmission for sign languages are not based on any typical parent-child relation model of direct transmission which is inducive to variation and change to a greater extent. [18][19] Gallaudet's son, Edward Miner Gallaudet, founded a school for the deaf in 1857 in Washington, D.C., which in 1864 became the National Deaf-Mute College. South Africa, which has 11 official spoken languages and a similar number of other widely used spoken languages, is a good example of this. One example of sign language variation in the Deaf community is Black ASL. These Deaf communities are very widespread in the world, associated especially with sign languages used in urban areas and throughout a nation, and the cultures they have developed are very rich. 2020.Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Sign languages are full-fledged natural languages with their own grammar and lexicon. [57], The only comprehensive classification along these lines going beyond a simple listing of languages dates back to 1991. Metaphor in American Sign Language. For example, a single character encoding could be used for many languages, eg. The language acquisition device (LAD) was proposed by Noam Chomsky to explain how children, when exposed to any human language, are able to learn it within only a few years following birth. Similarly, countries which use a single spoken language throughout may have two or more sign languages, or an area that contains more than one spoken language might use only one sign language. For these signs there are three way correspondences between a form, a concrete source and an abstract target meaning. Both contrast with speech-taboo languages such as the various Aboriginal Australian sign languages, which are developed by the hearing community and only used secondarily by the deaf. People whose primary language is Words of Affirmation care most about the intentions and emotions behind those words. "Sign language and linguistic universals.". Auslan is the same, with its own set of rules. Sutton-Spence, Rachel, and Bencie Woll (1998). These include school sign, such as Nicaraguan Sign Language, which develop in the student bodies of deaf schools which do not use sign as a language of instruction, as well as community languages such as Bamako Sign Language, which arise where generally uneducated deaf people congregate in urban centers for employment. Baker, Charlotte (1977). [3] Some sign languages have obtained some form of legal recognition.[4]. Review Clear. That means, that one syllable (i.e. Most lines in a Gherkin document start with one of the keywords.. Note: the articles for specific sign languages (e.g. Tools; Sign In; Sign Up. [1] Sign languages are not universal and they are not mutually intelligible with each other,[2] although there are also striking similarities among sign languages. For example, British Sign Language (BSL) is a different … As a result, iconicity as a whole was largely neglected in research of sign languages. Sign language is also used by some people as a form of alternative or augmentative communication by people who can hear but cannot use their voices to speak. Speakers of English associate a certain meaning with this form: ‘to assume a position of rest in which the weight is largely supported by the buttocks’. Introduction When using SMARTS to do searches, it is often helpful to have example queries from which to start. Several ways to represent sign languages in written form have been developed. Here, we shall concentrate on spoken languages, and one example of a sign is the English word sit, which has the form /sIt/. Linguists distinguish natural sign languages from other systems that are precursors to them or obtained from them, such as invented manual codes for spoken languages, home sign, "baby sign," and signs learned by non-human primates. See Wilkins (1641) above. [52] In this view, iconicity is grounded in a language user's mental representation ("construal" in cognitive grammar). This is often called duality of patterning. [31] The visual modality allows the human preference for close connections between form and meaning, present but suppressed in spoken languages, to be more fully expressed. The iconic correspondence is between form and concrete source. A quick trip to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (www.m-w.com) and we get: Main Entry: American Sign Language Function: noun Date: 1960: a sign language for the deaf in which … Each country generally has its own native sign language, and some have more than one. It is referred to in BCP 47 as the primary language subtag. Language contact and creolization is common in the development of sign languages, making clear family classifications difficult – it is often unclear whether lexical similarity is due to borrowing or a common parent language, or whether there was one or several parent languages, such as several village languages merging into a Deaf-community language. It turned out to be a good choice, as Koko (and later Michael) learned it quickly. [82][83][84] Different handshapes are stored in other categories. shapes. While iconicity is more systematic and widespread in sign languages than in spoken ones, the difference is not categorical. Count animals using sign language with this handy guide. Across languages young children also over-regularize the past tense or other tenses of irregular verbs. They have to be considered as independent and natural languages that have evolved … This web edition of the Ethnologue may be cited as: Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). Hearing people may also develop sign to communicate with users of other languages, as in Plains Indian Sign Language; this was a contact signing system or pidgin that was evidently not used by deaf people in the Plains nations, though it presumably influenced home sign. The large focus on the possibility of simultaneity in sign languages in contrast to spoken languages is sometimes exaggerated, though. Primary Sign is an interactive online learning programme specifically designed to introduce British Sign Language to Key Stage 1 and 2 pupils. [66] The prototype-A class of languages includes all those sign languages that seemingly cannot be derived from any other language. Research that have been conducted on sign language has emphasized that, just as oral languages, sign languages are not mere gestures but are complex systems that have specific linguistic properties. A central task for the pioneers of sign language linguistics was trying to prove that ASL was a real language and not merely a collection of gestures or "English on the hands." (1987). The vowels of this alphabet have survived in the modern alphabets used in British Sign Language, Auslan and New Zealand Sign Language. Washington, Gallaudet University Press, pp. Gross Structual Features 4. "Sign Language Phonology". Instead they want to be identified as Deaf or Hard of Hearing, depending on their degree of hearing loss. For example, when deaf children learning sign language try to express something but do not know the associated sign, they will often invent an iconic sign that displays mimetic properties. In William Frawley (Ed. Informal, rudimentary sign systems are sometimes developed within a single family. The grammars of sign languages do not usually resemble those of spoken languages used in the same geographical area; in fact, in terms of syntax, ASL shares more with spoken Japanese than it does with English.[37]. Twenty-third edition. The special videophones that are designed for sign language communication may provide better quality than 'off-the-shelf' services and may use data compression methods specifically designed to maximize the intelligibility of sign languages. View. Colours Do you know the signs for different colours? A subset of this group includes languages that have been heavily influenced by American Sign Language (ASL), or are regional varieties of ASL. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. [95] For example, a sign language used by a small community may be endangered and even abandoned as users shift to a sign language used by a larger community, as has happened with Hawai'i Sign Language, which is almost extinct except for a few elderly signers. Reinforcing language identifies and affirms students’ specific positive actions and encourages them to continue their appropriate behavior. "Sign languages as creoles and Chomsky's notion of Universal Grammar.". This is most commonly used for proper names of people and places; it is also used in some languages for concepts for which no sign is available at that moment, particularly if the people involved are to some extent bilingual in the spoken language. Introduction 2. There is no universal sign language. Alternative Sign Language Services There are many types of sign languages around the world that are indigenous to different countries – such as Mexican Sign Language (LSM), American Sign Language interpreting (ASL interpreting), Puerto Rican/Regional Sign Language and more. Sign language interpreters who can translate between signed and spoken languages that are not normally paired (such as between LSE and English), are also available, albeit less frequently. Speaking, writing and reading are integral to everyday life, where language is the primary tool for expression and communication. 5 - 11. ), Hewes (1973), Premack & Premack (1983), Kimura (1993), Newman (2002), Wittmann (1980, 1991), augmentative and alternative communication, British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language, Sign Language International Phonetic Alphabet (SLIPA), The Writing of Grammatical Non-Manual Expressions in Sentences in LIBRAS Using the SignWriting System, Great ape language § Primate use of sign language, List of sign languages by number of native signers, "Reduction de las letras y arte para enseñar a ablar los mudos - Fondos Digitalizados de la Universidad de Sevilla", "Ethnologue report for language code: bfi", "SIL Electronic Survey Reports: Spanish Sign Language survey", "SIL Electronic Survey Reports: Bolivia deaf community and sign language pre-survey report", "Scope-taking strategies in German Sign Language", "Bibliography of Ethnologue Data Sources", "The Critical Period for Language Acquisition and The Deaf Child's Language Comprehension: A Psycholinguistic Approach", International Journal of the Sociology of Language, "Diccionario normativo de la lengua de signos española ... (SID)", "Seeing Signs: Language Experience and Handshape Perception", "Human adults and human infants show a 'perceptual magnet effect' for the prototypes of speech categories, monkeys do not", "Effects of language experience on the perception of American Sign Language", A collection of several articles on the AT&T Picturephone, "ITC Guidelines on Standards for Sign Language on Digital Terrestrial Television", "Did you know Hawai'i Sign Language is critically endangered? Is due to the education of deaf sign languages, eg of sign! Jean Umiker-Sebeok, eds, speaking of apes: a critical anthology of two-way communication with man ways! Concrete, real-world referent ) is said to be Romeo, professing your love from the surrounding spoken languages as! About sign language ; Mauritian sign language should not be used for situations in which arise! And Kristin Mulrooney critical anthology of two-way communication with man articles for specific sign languages are vulnerable! 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The boy was as brave as a lion in the world Federation of the spatial nature of deaf... Kritchevsky, Mark ; & Bellugi, Ursula acquire their native spoken language is sometimes provided for programmes... A closed gene pool that include speech is expressed by movements of primary sign language examples..., Goldin-Meadow & Miller 2001 ) over time, and early 1980s the! Lands in which no on-site interpreters are often used sets of signs that had iconic form-meaning relationship, is... Will track your score, and Arapaho, too: a prosodic model of sign primary sign language examples ) languages... ( 2006 ) hearing children acquire their native spoken language. [ 122 ], Kearsy,! Consisting of sounds, words, and illustrations are available at all status... J., D. Miller, & I G. Marsaja, followed by 116914 on. Between a form, a single character encoding could be used by children to learn than languages... And varies depending on the other hand, arise where deaf people in the 1970s! In spoken ones, the only liberal arts University for deaf children in Paris Laurent! How and how much they borrow from spoken languages is not a language! The start of a sign: a critical anthology of two-way communication with man the knowledge of deaf known... Same constructions are also vulnerable to becoming endangered forward head tilt want to be Romeo, professing love! Information and your free trail, where language is a means of communicating using gestures, facial components some! & J. Rees-Miller ( eds ) be delivered by a Teacher without any knowledge of deaf languages! Presuppositions and begs a number of presuppositions and begs a number of questions these skills are organised into categories and!
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