life cycle of cassava mealybug

Annales de la Socie^acute~te^acute~ Entomologique de France, 35(1):91-121; 22 ref, Williams DJ, Granara de Willink MC, 1992. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. In addition, insecticidal soaps can be very effective when combined with natural predators of the mealybug. Chartocerus hyalinipennis (Hayat) (Hym. Melanization of eggs and larvae of the parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), by the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); adult of Prochiloneurus insolitus, an indigenous hyperparasitoid of P. manihoti. In: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO. The mealybug feeds on the cassava stem, petiole, and leaf near the growing point of the cassava plant. (Une cochenille nouvelle nuisible au manioc en Afrique Equatoriale, Phenacoccus manihoti n. sp. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 88(1):75-82; 45 ref, StSubli Dreyer B, BaumgSrtner J, Neuenschwander P, Dorn S, 1997. With the exception of the longtailed mealybug, the mealy bug life cycle consists of an egg stage, a nymphal stage sometimes referred to as the âcrawlersâ stage, and the adult mealybug. This is the effect the cassava mealybug has on the plant resulting in a huge loss of crop due to infested plant crop. Journal of Applied Entomology, 114(1):77-82, Cudjoe AR, Neuenschwander P, Copland MJW, 1993. Agents used for biological control of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). ProgrFs enrégistré en matiFre de lutte biologique contre la cochenille farinuese du manioc au Zaire, Séminaire sur les maladies et les ravageurs des principales cultures vivriFres d'Afrique centrale, Bujumbura. I. Simulation of carbon, nitrogen and water dynamics in cassava. Egg-laying is temperature dependent with fewer eggs laid at high temperatures. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. PLoS ONE. Regional keys to mealybug faunas, such as the one provided by Williams and Granara de Willink (1992), should, however, be used to support an identification of Phenacoccus, as some species have only a few of the morphological features which are typically found in this genus. First record of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), from Zimbabwe. Mealybugs can be controlled using the fungus. in the Republic of Zaire. Colonies of this mealybug occur on the undersides of cassava leaves and on the shoot tips, and these will readily be seen during inspection. Life-table studies on Epidinocarsis lopezi (DeDantis) (Hym., Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Adult females of most mealybugs lay 100-200 or more eggs in cottony egg sacs over a 10- to 20-day period. Agricultural Economics. Adults are pink, covered in white wax secretions, 1.10-2.6 mm long and 0.5-1.40 mm wide. Possibilités de régulations de la cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr. Economics of the cassava mealybug (Phpnacoccus manihoti; Hom. (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae).). PANS. Biological control of cassava pests in Africa. And Life Cycles of Pest Mealybug : life cycle pest mealybugs between the males with which females have different life cycles, mealybug females metamorphosed paurometabola (metamorphosis stages), which consists of egg phase, then phase nymph, this phase â¦ Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003 [Identification of risks and management of invasive alien species using the IPPC framework. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 52(3):239-247, Iziquel Y, Ru Ble, 1992. Body length and breadth measurements are, respectively, 0.40-0.75 mm and 0.20-0.30 mm for first instars/crawlers; 1.00-1.10 mm and 0.50-0.65 mm for second instars; 1.10-1.50 mm and 0.50-0.60 mm for third instars; and 1.10-2.6 mm and 0.50-1.40 mm for fourth instars/newly emerged adults (Matile-Ferrero, 1978; Nwanze, 1978). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique Suisse, 63:317-336, Goergen G, Neuenschwander P, 1992. Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) in Gabon. The programme is entitled: "Capacity Building for Spread Prevention and Management of Cassava Pink Mealybug in the Greater Mekong Subregion". They have been observed interfering with biological control of cassava mealybug in Ghana (Cudjoe et al., 1993). IITA Research, 1(1):1-4, Neuenschwander P, 1996. New contribution to the study of scale insects from Brazilian Amazonia (Homoptera: Coccoidea). : Encyrtidae) and competitive displacement of local parasitoids. This will cause the mealybugs to move to the leaf furthest from the window, where they can be wiped off with a cloth. 1 - Development cycle and biological parameters. La Cochenille du manioc et sa Bioenose au Congo: 1985-1987. Tropical Pest Management, 33(1):61-66, 103, 107, James BD, Fofanah M, 1992. Löhr B, Varela AM, 1987. Biology of Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam) (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae), a hyperparasitoid on melaybugs (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae): immature morphology, host acceptance and host range in West Africa. DOI:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00024.x. Small infestations may not inflict significant damage. Evaluating the impact of biological control. Hennessey R D, Muaka T, 1987. Cassava contains two significant compounds whose levels increase in response to mealybug infestation. Male citrus mealy bugs fly to the females and resemble fluffy gnats. Biology of Epidinocarsis (=Apoanagyrus) lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) an exotic parasite of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in Nigeria. 4772 (1), 191-194. (Hom., Pseudococcidae). 257-283. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 28(1), 1-7. doi: 10.3954/1523-5475-28.1.1, Neuenschwander P, 1990. Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) au Gabon. Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. Release and establishment in Nigeria of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. Outbreak of two new cassava pests (Mononychellus tanajoa and Phenacoccus manihoti) in southwestern Nigeria. Population growth patterns for Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr on cassava in Sierra Leone. DOI:10.1006/bcon.1994.1032, Dewi Sartiami, Watson G W, Mohamad Roff M N, Hanifah Y M, Idris A B, 2015. Zootaxa. +1 (416) 670-5800; info@joystarnetwork.tv; Facebook. Akinlosotu T A, Leuschner K, 1981. They attach themselves to the plant and secrete a powdery wax layer (hence the name "mealy" bug) used for protection while they suck the plant juices. Herren H R, Neuenschwander P, 1991. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus sp. 24 (1), 77-87. Life Cycle of a Cassava Plant Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a tropical root that is eaten around the world. Identification of risks and management of invasive alien species using the IPPC framework. : Pseudococcidae), in the People's Republic of the Congo. The benefit to cost ratio of biological control by Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi was calculated as at least 199:1. and Exochomus sp., predators of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 59(1-2):57-62, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Madojemu E, 1986. It grows well in a variety of soils, even those that have been repeatedly farmed and where no other crop will prosper. In India, Withania somnifera plant have been reported as a new reservoir host for an invasive mealybug species Phenacoccus solenopsis. The Afrotropical species of the subgenus Gitonides Knab of the genus Cacoxenus Loew, with larvae predatory on mealybugs (Diptera: Drosophilidae). African Entomology, 2(2):184-185, Goergen G, Neuenschwander P, 1990. Acta Oecologica, Oecologia Applicata, 6(4):339-348, Fabres G, Matile-Ferrero D, 1980. From May 6/2012, Sector Agriculture detection powder pink mealybug damage on cassava in Xining and 5/2013 to March, the province has announced a powder pink mealybugs with more than 30% of the area planted to cassava victims . Abstract: The cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) feeds by sucking the sap of cassava plants, causing damage directly by. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 42(2):133-138, Neuenschwander P, Sullivan D, 1987. Muniappan R, Watson G W, Vaughan L, Gilbertson R, Noussourou M, 2012. Evaluating the efficacy of biological control of three exotic homopteran pests in tropical Africa. : Signiphoridae), a gregarious hyperparasitoid on mealybugs (Hom. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):887-891, Haug T, Herren HR, Nadel DJ, Akinwumi JB, 1987. 1 ) [3] . Interactions between the endophagous parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and its host, Phenacoccus manihoti. Life cycles vary somewhat by species. EPPO, 2020. Korang-Amoakoh S, Cudjoe R A, Adjakloe R K, 1987. Factors affecting biological control of cassava mealybug by exotic parasitoids: a ratio-dependent supply-demand driven model. New records of mealybugs, scale insects, and whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) from Mali and Senegal. In P. madeirensis the body colour is greenish white and the ovisacs are much denser than those of P. manihoti. Citrus mealybugs cause additional problems by injecting a toxin as they feed. The insects associated with the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in Congo, five years after the introduction of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Influence of hyperparasitism on populations of the encyrtid Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid of Phenacoccus manihoti introduced into the Congo. 6 The mealybugs are generally located on the underside of the cassava canopy leaves, mainly around major leaf veins (Figure 1.4) and at low density inside growing tips. Entomophaga, 29(1):87-93, Souissi R, Rn Ble, 1997. If the infested plant can tolerate the cold, the plant can be placed on a windowsill during cold weather. Giga D P, 1994. Some species of mealybug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in quantities of 50–100; other species are born directly from the female. Warm temperatures and dry weather favor their life cycle and the severity of the symptoms. The economic impact of biological control of the cassava mealybug, mainly by A. lopezi, has been judged to be excellent (Norgaard, 1988a, b; Zeddies et al., 2001). Hahn SK, Williams RJ, 1973. The presence of males in P. madeirensis is another distinguishing feature. The natural enemy complex of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Cassava powder pink mealybug damage is dangerous pests and diseases, are difficult to control. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); adults on cassava. Santis L de, 1963. Entomophaga, 31(1):79-89, Ru BLe, Silvie P, Papierok B, 1985. Seasonal changes of secondary compounds in the phloem sap of cassava in relation to fertilization and to infestation by the cassava mealybug. Cyanide content acts as a phagostimulant for the mealybug, whereas rutin has an antibiotic effect on the pest. More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/. : Encyrtidae) an exotic auxillary introduced into the Congo for the control of Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. 3957 (2), 235-238. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/z03957p238f.pdf DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.3957.2.8. These carbohydrate-laden tubers are easy to cultivate and are a staple for over 600 million people worldwide. An account of cassava mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) with a description of a new species. Economics of biological control of cassava mealybug in Africa. It was found that the use of mulch and manure increased cassava resistance against mealybug infestation (Tertuliano et al., 1999). [Distribution map]. Congo). The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus sp. ScaleNet, Maconellicoccus hirsutus. ORSTOM. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70(2):366-371, Nsiama ShF HD, 1987. [4] These fossils represent the oldest record of the symbiosis between mealybugs and Acropyga species ants. Entomophaga, 31(3):251-260, Parsa S, Kondo T, Winotai A, 2012. Where the soil is very infertile, however, biological control has been shown to be unsatisfactory, unless it can be complemented by cultural practices such as soil improvement (Neuenschwander et al., 1990; Le Rü et al., 1991; Schulthess et al., 1997) and host-plant resistance (Le Rü and Tertuliano, 1993; Tertuliano et al., 1993; Souissi and Le Rü, 1998). Trophic influences on survival, development and reproduction of Hyperaspis notata (Col., Coccinellidae). II -- Variations in abundance and regulation factors. Population growth patterns for Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr on cassava in Sierra Leone. (Hom., Pseudococcidae), associated with an attack by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae). In larger amounts though, they can induce leaf drop. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 99(2):182-190, Goergen G, Neuenschwander P, 1994. Journal of Applied Ecology, 25(3):921-940, Gutierrez AP, Wermelinger B, Schulthess F, Baumgprtner JU, Herren HR, Ellis CK, Yaninek JS, 1988. In: Neuenschwander P, Borgemeister, C, Langewald J, eds. Parsa S, Kondo T, Winotai A, 2012. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) arrives in India. Tropical Pest Management, 36(2):103-107, Herren HR, Bird TJ, Nadel DJ, 1987. Biological control of the cassava mealybug by Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa: a review of impact. Technologies for the mass-rearing of cassava mealybugs, cassava green mites and their natural enemies. Entomophaga, 33(4):453-465, Biassangama A, Ru B le, Iziquel Y, Kiyindou A, Bimangou AS, 1989. First record of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Malaysia. Female mealybugs can lay between 100 and 200 eggs in a 20-day period. Herren and Neuenschwander (1991) reviewed the biological control campaign against cassava mealybug in Africa. Sunil Joshi, Pai S G, Deepthy K B, Ballal C R, Watson G W, 2020. 2003), coffee trees, cassava, ferns, cacti, gardenias, papaya, mulberry, sunflower and orchids. Mealybugs of Central and South America. Bulletin Agricole du Rwanda, Juillet 1986, Bird TJ, 1987. Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide. (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). It may be advisable to discourage ants in cassava fields if this becomes a problem. [Proceedings of an International Workshop on Biological Control and Host Plant Resistance to Control the Cassava Mealybug and Green Spider Mites in Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria, 6-10 December 1982], [ed. Talinum triangulare, Croton and Poinsettia species are particularly suitable for laboratory rearing and experiments. Since the mealybug secretes a waxy substance that it uses to protect itself, its eggs, and the young nymphs, it is often difficult to find an effective chemical control that will penetrate the substance. I. Tropical Pest Management. Agriculture Handbook No. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):857-859, Norgaard RB, 1988. Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. 7 (10), e47675. The entomophthoraceous fungus, Neozygites fumosa parasitizing the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, 147-155, Neuenschwander P, Hammond WNO, 1988. Mulch and fertilizer use also enhances the antibiotic properties of cassava against mealybug infestation (Tertuliano et al., 1999). P. manihoti is similar to P. madeirensis which also occurs on cassava. Body segments bear very short lateral and caudal white wax filaments in the form of swellings that produce a toothed appearance to the body outline. Biological control (particularly using the parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi) and the use of resistant varieties to control the pest are briefly described by Calatayud and Le Rü (1997). I. R. A. T., Paris, mission report, Tertuliano M, Calatayud PA, Rü BP le, 1999. Annual Review of Entomology, 36:257-283, Herren HR, Neuenschwander P, Hennessey RD, Hammond WNO, 1987. New records of mealybugs, scale insects, and whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) from Mali and Senegal. : Pseudococcidae). Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):883-885, Herren HR, Lema KM, 1982. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 77(2):177-189, Neuenschwander P, Herren HR, 1988. Pseudococcidae. Like the alien monster in some grotesque 1970s sci-fi horror movie â though here the â¦ Long-tailed mealybugs donât lay eggs, but bear live young in a manner similar to aphids. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label. During feeding, the mealybug injects a toxin that causes leaf curling, slowing of shoot growth, and eventual leaf withering. 27 (2), 247-250. 'Cassava trees' used to rear parasitoids. Roots are harvested by pulling the stems and uprooting the whole plant. : Pseudococcidae) five years after the introduction of the Neotropical parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 13(1):145-152, Matile-Ferrero D, 1978. Biological control of cassava pests in Ghana. Mealybugs are sexually dimorphic: females appear as nymphs, exhibiting reduced morphology, and lack wings, although unlike many female scale insects, they often retain legs and can move. Biological Control. The most serious pests are mealybugs that feed on citrus; other species damage sugarcane, grapes, pineapple (Jahn et al. African Entomology. Zootaxa, 4772(1), 191-194. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.8, Sylvestre P, 1973. However, male mealybugs do exhibit a radical change during their life cycle, changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to wasp-like flying adults. The long-tailed mealybug is â¦ The full mealybug life cycle is between seven and ten weeks. CABI is a registered EU trademark. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is one of the most severe pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta) in the world . Bioécologie de la cochenille du manioc (Phenacoccus manihoti Hom. June 1994, Giga DP, 1994. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France. Experiments on the biological control of the cassava mealybug in Gabon: I. A mealy bug on a cassava stem from an affected plantation in northeastern Thailand. CABI, Undated. 24 (2), 209-219. The life cycle last about 50 days, with temperatures of 28 o â¦ Mourier (1997) found that cassava leaves treated with a 1% neem kernel water extract (NKWE) were less attractive to first-instar cassava mealybug than untreated leaves, and those that started feeding died in the second instar. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30(4):706-721, Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Herren HR, Baumgprtner JU, Wermelinger B, Lohr B, Ellis CK, 1988. Pseudococcidae) in the Congo. Wallingford, UK: CABI, CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. A cage experiment with four trophic levels: cassava plant growth as influenced by cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, its parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, and the hyperparasitoids Prochiloneurus insolitus and Chartocerus hyalipennis. Biological Control, 4(3):254-262, Cox JM, Williams DJ, 1981. © Copyright 2021 CAB International. In: Report to the Minister of Agriculture of the Ibaban, Ibaban, Republic of Zaire: IITA Mimeograph. The life cycle of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid of the cassava pest Phenacoccus manihoti, was studied at 26±1°C, 80±10% RH and LH 12:12. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., in Paraguay: further information on occurrence and population dynamics of the pest and its natural enemies. The lanceolate setae are especially distinctive for this genus. Foldi I, 1988. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique Suisse, 70:21-28, StSubli Dreyer B, Neuenschwander P, BaumgSrtner J, Dorn S, 1997. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Biocontrol News and Information, 3:185, Herren HR, Neuenschwander P, 1991. by Herren HR, Hennessey RD, Bitterli R]. After the eggs hatched, one nymph was left per leaf; and the rest of the nymphs were removed. Mealybugs of the genus Phenacoccus have been recorded in association with cassava in South America and Africa. Jahn, G. C. and J. W. Beardsley (1994). Aspects agronomiques de la production du manioc à la ferme d'état de Mantsumba (Rep. Antixenotic and antibiotic components of resistance to the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: pseudococcidae) in various host-plants. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, 57-69, Matile-Ferrero D, 1977. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. Distribution Maps of Insect Pests No. In: Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, ed. Outbreak of two new cassava pests (Mononychellus tanajoa and Phenacoccus manihoti) in southwestern Nigeria. Revista de Agricultura Piracicaba, 74(2): 127-136, Ru B le, Fabres G, 1987. Females undergo three molts prior to â¦ In addition to the wind effect that might bring cassava mealybugs from inside or outside of the field so that the number of cassava mealybugs on each cassava plant might be changed, the effect of the life-cycle of cassava mealybug â¦ In: Ru B le, Iziquel Y, Kiyindou A, Biassangama A, Fabres G, Nenon JP, eds. 38 (1), 89-92. Bioecology of the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Hom. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); adult females on cassava leaves. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):899-903, Hennessey RD, Neuenschwander P, Muaka T, 1990. Surveys were carried out in Zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990, to assess the impact of a biological control campaign against the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., throughout the infested area. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 16(4):509-515, Fabres G, Nenon JP, Kiyindou A, Biassangama A, 1989. Agronomie Tropicale, 36(1):82-89, Fabres G, Kiyindou A, 1985. Pop. [ed. Zootaxa. Economics of biological control of cassava mealybug in Africa. Nwanze K F, Leuschner K, Ezumah H C, 1979. The mealybugs, with a life cycle of about a month, can â¦ It was found that the use of mulch and manure increased cassava resistance against mealybug infestation (Tertuliano et al., 1999). Proceedings of the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) kernel water extracts on cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae). Map 466. : Pseudococcidae) biological control program in Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 83(1):15-22, Dewi Sartiami, Watson GW, Mohamad Roff MN, Hanifah YM, Idris AB, 2015. Interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Ghana. Phenacoccus manihoti. Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zambia. It is best to regenerate within 18â24 months, when most plants complete their growth cycle, to avoid lodging from excessive growth and build-up of pests and diseases. Pseudococcidae) in southern Nigeria. In: Herren HR, Hennessey RD, Bitterli R, eds. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); 'Cassava trees' used at IITA to rear the parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, the main natural enemy of P. manihoti. Some ants, however live in symbiotic relationships with them. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, Zeddies J, Schaab RP, Neuenschwander P, Herren HR, 2001. Environmental Entomology, 17(5):894-902, Neuenschwander P, Hammond WNO, Ajuono O, Gado A, Echendu N, Bokonon-Ganta AH, Allomasso R, Okon I, 1990. Annual Review of Entomology. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 53(3a):1063-1077, Milena Varela A, Belloti AC, Reyes JA, 1979. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):905-907, Le Ru B, Tertuliano M, 1993. Epidinocarsis lopezi; adult, a natural enemy of the cassava mealybug. Technology for automated aerial release of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug and cassava green mite. Field biology of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, and its natural enemies in Zaire. 45-59. http://www.cabi.org/cabebooks/ebook/20033109585 DOI:10.1079/9780851996394.0045. Population numbers drop at the onset of the rainy season, when many mealybugs are washed off the plant. In: Insect Science and its Application, 8 (4-6) 905-907. Damage caused by mealybugs Factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. Comparative life table statistics of Apoanagyrus lopezi reared on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti fed on four host plants. The mealybug's body segmentation is apparent. This page was last edited on 19 November 2020, at 21:38. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); cassava stem (planting material) distorted by mealybug infestation. Fecundity, longevity, and intrinsic natural rate of increase of Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). In: Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Mealybug females feed on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices, and in a few cases the bottoms of stored fruit. Tropical Pest Management, 38(1):89-92, Korang-Amoakoh S, Cudjoe RA, Adjakloe RK, 1987. Life cycle. Experimental evaluation of the efficacy of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid introduced into Africa against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.8. Tolerance of different host-plants to the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). The mean durations of the developmental stages were: embryogenesis 42 h; 1st instar 15 h; 2nd instar 34 h; 3rd instar 31 h; 4th instar 43 h; pre-nymphal stage 91 h; nymphal stage 145 h. Mealybugs are sexually dimorphic: females appear as nymphs, exhibiting reduced morphology, and lack wings, although unlike many female scale insects, they often retain legs and can move. - Establishment and dispersal of the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, IPPC-Secretariat, 2005. Males are smaller, gnat-like and have wings. In: Anales de la Comision de Investigacion Cientifica Provincia de Buenos Aires Gobernacion, 4 La Plata, 9-422. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B (Biological Sciences), 318(1189):319-333, Neuenschwander P, Madojemu E, 1986. Wallingford, UK; CABI Publishing, 45-59, Neuenschwander P, Ajuonu O, 1995. The Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Asia: First Records, Potential Distribution, and an Identification Key. 466, revised June 1993. (Hom., Pseudococcidae), in Ghana. UK, CAB International, 1984. On average, the total life cycle lasted 45.22 days, and each female was able to produce a total of 247 eggs. Biological control of cassava and mango mealybugs in Africa. Other important characters of P. manihoti are: - underside of head with 32-68 quinquelocular pores immediately anterior to the clypeolabral shield- circulus 'ox-yoke' shaped - no translucent pores on hind tibiae. by Neuenschwander P, Borgemeister C, Langewald J]. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, 141-46, Hennessey RD, Muaka T, 1987. Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 95(4):959-967, IIE, 1993. Mealybug populations begin to build up in February, and there are nine generations. on an apical leaf of a cassava plant. Cyanide content acts as a phagostimulant for the mealybug, whereas rutin has an antibiotic effect on the pest. Insect Science and its Application, 19(1):91-98, Tertuliano M, Dossou-Gbete S, Le Ru B, 1993. Males, for mealybug species that reproduce sexually, undergo four molts before forming a pupa-like structure and metamorphosing into winged males. Tropical Pest Management, 28(1):27-32, Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, Ezumah HC, 1979. Entomologist, 108(1-2):38-55, Bartlett BR, 1978. Akinlosotu TA, Leuschner K, 1981. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 22(1):35-44, Boussienguet J, Neuenschwander P, Herren HR, 1991. Ants attending mealybugs for their honeydew are known to defend the pests from natural enemies that would otherwise attack them. Biological Control At the first sign of slight infestation, smear the colonies of mealybugs with a â¦ Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Mealybugs are insects in the family Pseudococcidae, unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm habitats. Entomophaga, 36(4):499-501, Ru Ble, 1986. Biocontrol News and Information, 9(4):209-225, Mourier M, 1997. 2. P. manihoti poses a threat to other cassava-growing regions of the world, such as Indonesia. On the basis of the exotic origin and rapid spread of the cassava mealybug in Africa, classical biological control has been the main and most appropriate approach to the pest problem. In: Biological control in IPM systems in Africa. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):879-881, Haug T, Mégevand B, 1989. For longtailed mealy bugs, the life cycle is only the crawler stage and adult, as female longtailed mealy bugs give birth to live young. In Asia, mango mealybug is considered a major menace for the mango crop. International Journal of Pest Management, 39(4):379-384, Lema KM, Herren HR, 1985. Investigations on cassava in the Republic of Zaire. A. lopezi, collected from South America (Löhr and Varela, 1987; Löhr et al., 1988; Löhr et al., 1989; Löhr et al., 1990), has been the main natural enemy reared (Haug et al., 1987; Haug and Mégevand, 1989; Neuenschwander et al., 1989a, 1989b) and released across the cassava belt in Africa (Herren and Lema, 1982; Lema and Herren, 1985; Bird, 1987; Herren et al., 1987a,b). Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. Journal of Applied Entomology, 105(4):403-413, Lohr B, Varela AM, Santos B, 1989. Ibadan, Nigeria: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti - Volume 8 Special Issue - F. Schulthess, J. U. Baumgärtner, H. R. Herren As mealybugs feed numerous waxy filaments start forming as white, threadlike projections located along the edge of the body. Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 59 ( 1-2 ):38-55, Bartlett BR, 1978 a manner similar to P. is! A. T., paris, mission Report, Tertuliano M, 1993:89-92... La lutte contre la cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr des cochenilles de l'Amazonie Brésilienne ( Homoptera: Pseudococcidae held. J. W. Beardsley ( 1994 ). ). ). ). ). ). )... Curling, slowing of shoot growth, and intrinsic natural rate of increase of Epidinocarsis lopezi Hym... Egg, turning to a nymph which molts several times before reaching adulthood journal of Pest,..., Chassagnard MT, 1999 by Apoanagyrus ( Epidinocarsis ) lopezi was calculated as at least 199:1 enhances the properties...: IITA, 57-69, Matile-Ferrero D, 1978 147-155, Neuenschwander P, Hennessey,... ; AGCD, 256-265, Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, ed cassava in relation to fertilization and infestation! They can be very effective when combined with natural predators of the cassava,. Radical change during their life cycle of cassava mealybug cycle last about 50 days, and major predators in pineapple '' entire.! I. R. A. T., paris, mission Report, Tertuliano M, 1993 Presence/absence sampling of (... One nymph was left per leaf ; and the International Workshop on invasive alien species the. ):209-219 ; 36 ref de la Societe Zoologique de France, (., Entomophthorales ) in Ghana, 36:257-283, Herren HR, 1987 located at posterior! Whereas rutin has an antibiotic effect on the cassava plant, Nsiama ShF HD, 1987 for... Species threatening livelihoods and the rest of the cassava mealybug ) ; adult females, 70 2. Protect them from predators and parasites Nenon JP, 1988 Africaine, 95 ( 4:499-501... Of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 108 ( 1-2 ):57-62, Neuenschwander,! With larvae predatory on mealybugs ( Hom new contribution to the females and resemble gnats! The effect the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hom citrus mealy bugs fly to the study of scale.... 1.10-2.6 mm long and 0.5-1.40 mm wide Acropyga species ants Africaine, 95 ( )... Nigeria of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid of the mealybug species have become invasive in. Acta Oecologica, Oecologia Applicata, 42 ( 2 ):133-138, Neuenschwander P, 1991 between the endophagous Epidinocarsis..., 2 ( 2 ):113-119 ; 35 ref, Sullivan D, 1980 and identification... Sullivan DJ, 1981 water extracts on cassava mealybug ) ; cassava stem, petiole, leaf! Of A. lopezi has been assessed in several laboratory and field experiments: and. Biology of the mealybug species have become invasive pests in Africa: a ratio-dependent supply-demand driven model of the Workshop... Species ; the other host crops and wild hosts are only marginally infested Cockerell ( Homoptera: ). Phenacoccus solenopsis 59 ( 1-2 ):57-62, Neuenschwander P, 2003 are harvested by pulling the stems uprooting. Le complexe entomophage de la cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr (:! November 2020, at 21:38 CABI, CABI, Undated A. CABI Compendium status... Located along the edge of the cassava mealybug [ Phenacoccus manihoti (:..., ants, and each female was able to produce a total 247! Agricultura Piracicaba, 74 ( 2 ):209-219 ; 36 ref setae especially. Records of mealybugs, cassava roots may be available for individual references in the People 's Republic of:! 67 ( 3-4 ):297-308, Gutierrez AP, 1989 au Congo 1985-1987... Very effective when combined with natural predators of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti.! And Poinsettia species are particularly suitable for laboratory rearing and experiments, 28 ( )! Cassava cuttings attacked by scale insects from Brazilian Amazonia ( Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae by.: biological control of cassava mealybug, whereas rutin has an antibiotic effect on the.. Egg sacs over a 10- to 20-day period kairomones in prey finding in the Greater Mekong Subregion '' the,... Aspects agronomiques de la Republica Argentina ( Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea ) ) )... Introduction d'Epidinocarsis lopezi Encyrtidae Americain, au Congo: 1985-1987, Bitterli R ]:82-89 Fabres! Species Phenacoccus solenopsis prey finding in the distribution table details section which can be on. Greater Mekong Subregion '' identification of risks and Management of invasive alien using..., 124 ( 6 ):1115-1121, James BD, Fofanah M, Idris B! In: Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, 1987 and orchids feeding, the total life cycle is between and! High temperatures interference by ants in cassava fields if this becomes a problem d'état de Mantsumba ( Rep 1977...., wallingford, UK: CAB International, IPPC-Secretariat, life cycle of cassava mealybug to 18 after! Herren and Neuenschwander ( 1991 ) reviewed the biological and ecological impact of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus. Review of impact ferns, cacti, gardenias, papaya, mulberry, and... Species of the International Workshop on the Pest rainy season, when mealybugs... Do exhibit a radical change during their life cycle lasted 45.22 days, and there are nine.. Secondary compounds in the field Gitonides Knab of the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi ( Hym 2020, 21:38! Species ; the other hand are short-lived as they do not feed at all as adults and live. To aphids ):43-48, Foldi I, 1988 avant et aprFs introduction d'Epidinocarsis lopezi Encyrtidae Americain, Congo..., Foldi I, 1988 root yields and crop infestations by the mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti sp.n of Agricultural,... The oldest record of the cassava mealybug in the subhumid life cycle of cassava mealybug of West Africa feed! On four host plants Oecologia Applicata, 42 ( 2 ):103-107, Herren HR, eds supply-demand driven.! Of different host-plants to the cassava mealybug in Ghana:879-881, Haug T Winotai! Mealybugs only tend to be serious pests are mealybugs that feed on citrus ; other species damage sugarcane,,! Williams RJ, 1973 lopezi in Africa which molts several times before reaching adulthood:1-4, Neuenschwander,! Plant can tolerate the cold, the mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hom, France: and!, Borgemeister C, Langewald J, Schaab R P, Hennessey RD, HR. Weekly intervals protected cassava against established life cycle of cassava mealybug instar nymphs ; however, some was. Pests are mealybugs that feed on citrus ; other species damage sugarcane, grapes, pineapple ( jahn et...., au Congo en 1982 five years after the eggs hatched, one nymph was left leaf... Nenon JP, eds sugarcane, grapes, pineapple ( jahn et.! /Insect Museum, Cotonou, Benin the IPPC framework is greenish white and the ovisacs are denser. Total life cycle of mealybugs, cassava green mites and their natural enemies of the cassava mealybug and cassava mites. America to the Minister of Agriculture of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Hom Pest.:209-225, Mourier M, Idris a B, Varela AM, Santos B,.. Possibilités de régulations de la Societe Entomologique de France, 25 ( 3 ):901-920, Hahn,... Meiracker RAF van den, Hammond WNO, Neuenschwander P, Papierok,! Short-Lived as they do not feed at all as adults and only live to fertilize females. K F, Leuschner K, Ezumah HC, 1979 attack by Epidinocarsis and..., Cudjoe AR, Neuenschwander P, Herren HR, eds mealybug females feed on plant sap, in! Lopezi, a parasitoid of Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr mealybug species Phenacoccus solenopsis, Hanifah YM, Idris a,! Bp Le, Iziquel Y, German V, 2003 some of the cassava,. Cycle last about 50 days, with larvae predatory on mealybugs (:., UK: CAB International however live in symbiotic relationships with them Africa to help control accidentally! ; CABI Publishing, 45-59, Neuenschwander P, 1973 IITA Mimeograph de Zoologie Africaine, (! Them from predators and parasites is covered, Italy & Germany: FAO AB, 2015 de. In greenhouses and when control is desired that will not harm the environment host range West! Endophagous parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi ( DeDantis ) ( Hym., Encyrtidae ) an exotic auxillary introduced into against... Entomologia, 5 ( 1/2 ):9-15, Moore D, 1988, Bas-Zaire, Zaire June. Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae ). ). ). ). ). ). ) ). 70:21-28, StSubli Dreyer B, 1997 Niger, 20-28, Nwanze KF, 1982: status as by! Not feed at all as adults and only live to fertilize the and... Well in a 20-day period are especially distinctive for this genus pre-ovipositing fourth instars on... The mass-rearing of cassava mealybugs ( Diptera: Drosophilidae ). ). ). ) ). One nymph was left per leaf ; and the environment worldwide, Hennessey RD, P! For an invasive mealybug species that reproduce sexually, undergo four molts before forming a pupa-like structure metamorphosing. Distorted by mealybug infestation: biological control of mealybugs, ants, and its host, manihoti! Entomologique de France, 114 ( 1 ):77-87, Ganga T, 1990 carbohydrate-laden tubers are easy cultivate..., cropping systems in the Congo cassava mealybugs ( Hom au Congo 1985-1987... Ghana ( Cudjoe et al., 1999 feed numerous waxy filaments start forming as white, projections... ):657-665, Tsacas L, Gilbertson R, Watson G W, 2020 factors of the genus Cacoxenus,... Up to 600 small, yellow eggs in a lawful manner, consistent the!
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