You can edit this format according to your needs. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that a surface area can bear before a plug of material is detached. Mix shall be generally CM 1:4 for ceiling and 1:6 for wall plastering. It can also serve as an educational document and as a means of encouraging laboratories to consider quality assurance matters. Associated with the lack of standardized procedures and evaluation criteria, the in situ test methods present a large variability. Calculation of Compressive Strength of Concrete Core. Testing of concrete core. The shear tests are oftentimes more definitive because they better replicate the way in which coatings fail. Several standards frame the application of this test and interpretation of its results. Test area to be patched back. In this context, the present dissertation analyses the various factors that influence the variability of a test method to evaluate tensile adhesion strength– the pull-off test. Plastering mesh should be 8” wide and fixed rigidly before plastering on the junction (between concrete and masonry surface) with steel nails / wooden plug and nails. Testing a wall switch requires inexpensive devices and a bit of patience and logic. All cut-outs such as fan, junction box, electrical box and skirting line should be finished to perfection. 0000055587 00000 n 0000010242 00000 n General Test Procedures. 0000007799 00000 n The Laboratory of Building Physics (LFC-FEUP) has used the pull-off test results in several cases to The individual variation should not be more than ± 15 percent of the average. This method statement for cement plastering work describes the process to be implemented during the entire plastering activity for a safe and quality manner. Pull-off and bond strength testing provides a popular method of testing both the adequacy of a coating’s adhesion, as well as its point of failure. 0000004580 00000 n Rig Manager to discuss procedures with pressure testers. Curing of Plaster. The pull-off test is a very popular way of evaluating the adhesion strength of renderings or ceramic tiles. 1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the tensile strength of a section of portland cement-based plaster, the bond strength between portland cement-based plaster and a solid plaster base, or the fastener pull-out or lath pull-over strength for portland cement-based plaster bases over framing in either an exterior (stucco) or interior application. Scrum is a technique that enables the software development team to work with the agile approach and user stories to solve the most sophisticated development process. The first layer applied should be cured for a day before applying the subsequent coats. 5. By use of a portable pull-off adhesion tester, a load is increasingly applied to the surface until the dolly is pulled off. Grooves and mortar bands should be given while the plaster is wet. 0000001494 00000 n We have applied primer, intermediate and top coat after we conduct pull off test after 2 weeks. The criterion of user story acceptance not only informs the product behavior in happy path scenarios, it also guides the user experience when things don’t work as intended. and Madandoust, R., Factors influencing pull-off tests on concrete," Mag. BOND-TEST (a) Failure in substrate (b) Bond failure (c) Failure in overlay The types of failures that can occur in a BOND-TEST are illustrated above: (a) failure in the Please note that the information in Civilology is designed to provide general information on the topics presented. 0000001098 00000 n This also outlines and describes the procedure such as plaster preparations of the surfaces, mixing of cement plaster or mortar, rendering coat of wall, inspection of the plasterwork and all other related activity. %PDF-1.3 %���� 0000000836 00000 n [Check for ceiling plaster]. User stories are generalized details of the system sustainability criteria and the client’s gain of accomplishing their needs. Pull off testing is also used for exotic testing applications such as testing the integrity of laminated carbon brake disks; Benefits. If that same joist had gypsum ceiling (L/240), the allowable deflection is 0.6". Learn More About Gauge. H�l��m�0F'�Z�)�j������t�k頉h��E~����Ǝ�P�5�]�7�]��@�o�2�Y�_��]�9�Q(��5 Unlike the other methods, this method maximizes the tensile stress, therefore results may not be comparable to the others. Measure the ceiling from this level – it should be even at all points. The captured findings automatically become a part of the work item. The validation of qualitative tests differs from the quantitative tests principally since there are no numerical results but binary results, e.g., positive/negative result. Mix thoroughly for uniform mix and the mortar should be used within ½ to 1 hour of the mix. The key is to keep it simple. We point you to how-to videos, technical data and more related to 3M products and systems and how they work in your projects. I recommended installing the anchors and conducting a pull test, if the pull test is good no other action is necessary. Overall view after adhesion pull off test conducted. ft) before plastering. Compressive strength and flexural strength for 7 and 28 days of plaster as per the relevant codes of practice. The concrete shall be acceptable with the strength requirements when both the following condition are met for all grades of �%�X�R�A�a=�6g0a�`�g�`ic�e��~ �cbb�b0bRdg�e�f2^�[T � endstream endobj 15 0 obj<> endobj 17 0 obj<> endobj 18 0 obj[] endobj 19 0 obj<> endobj 20 0 obj<> endobj 21 0 obj<> endobj 22 0 obj<>stream 0000008419 00000 n In our laboratory, the in situ pull-off test is frequently applied to support the diagnosis of … Ensure plastering thickness is even at all points during plastering. A more quantitative test for adhesion is the pull-off test where a loading fixture, commonly called a dolly or stub, is affixed by an adhesive to a coating. harmonize national efforts by providing internationally acceptable guidelines. For example, a track adjustment for bellmouth also 0000007267 00000 n The distance of button marks should be within an aluminum straight edge length. We use cookies to collect information about how you use GOV.UK. An acceptable quality level (AQL), recently renamed acceptable quality limit, represents your tolerance for defects or nonconformities in an order. dia, 25 mm high, for fresh plaster, to EN 1015-12. 0000001911 00000 n 0000004739 00000 n Create work items such as bugs, tasks, and test cases directly from the extension. Click to see full answer Also question is, what is an acceptable moisture readings? Surface. How to mix plaster of paris for casting a mold - Duration: 5:24. 0000001309 00000 n ... Plaster Work, Renders and Screeds.pdf. test surface 58-C0215/12 Metal ring (dinking die), 50 mm int. Pull off Test for Plaster will be done by third party. brush, bellmouth, cut-off tab, strip length and insulation position. Pull-off test. In order to test the pull-off strength of a coating on concrete, the technician would use one of the variety of pull-off testers supplied by Humboldt, such as Proceq’s DY-2 Pull-off Tester or our HC-2988A Bond Test Kit. Generally speaking, for drywall, a safe moisture content (%MC) would be less than 1% MC. The test sample is subjected to increasing tensile stress until failure occurs. No more than 50% of the lead width or 0.50 mm (.020") whichever is less. An experimental campaign All surfaces to be plastered must be wet to prevent absorption of water from plaster. Pull-off adhesion testing is widely used to assess the protective coating process and to determine if a coating is fit for service in new construction and for repairs to existing structures. Ensure the 1-meter level markings are made along all walls. 0000008487 00000 n Ensure all the checks ( Brickwork Checklist ) after block work is completed. 0000001291 00000 n J.H. 3. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that a surface area can bear before a plug of material is detached. All surfaces in concrete should be hacked (80 hacks per SQ. If the L/D ratio is 1.75 or less, correct the result obtained by multiplying with 0000003241 00000 n All mortar waste stuck to walls, floor, and MS sheet shall be cleared after the day’s work. 0000010815 00000 n It can be difficult to establish acceptable variability limits because the attributes all interact with one another. Overall view after adhesion pull off test conducted. PPE Requirements - Hard Hat, Safety Glasses, Work Gloves, Steel Toe Shoes, Back Support, and Anti-Fall Protection. ADMET material testing systems perform accurate and reliable tension tests / tensile tests. Specimens breakdown. Peter Agostini jdcap26 tips an repairs and hobbies 15,501 views For example, the allowable deflection of a 12ft span floor joist with plaster (L/360) is 0.4" (12ft divided by 360). See the table below. Figure10shows the test methodology for the pull-out test. SIGN ME UP. Complex: Acceptance criteria is complex, includes jargons and technical details. Test area to be patched back. The bond strength between the UHPC substrate and the UHPC top layer was evaluated by shear tests and pull-off tests with promising results. Class II work includes the removal of other types of ACM that are not thermal system insulation such as resilient flooring and roofing materials. Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 16 Table 8. This part of ISO 16276 also specifies suitable equipment and defines inspection areas, sampling plans and acceptance/rejection criteria. I am on the edge about what to pull to and they are asking me what load to pull to. Fit for Duty check on all hands. The purpose of the test is to measure the maximum tensile strength of tile on concrete. Figure 11. b0�ك� �ڞ����:s_GO&�����:����Ga�F� Nasal mid-turbinate swab was added as an acceptable specimen for home or onsite self-collection. Once the plaster is hard and set, curing must be started and continued till 7 days. OJOTUN 0000009603 00000 n We have added basic Plastering Checklist Format. Hope you enjoyed this article. 3.2.10 cold joint (“joining” or “jointing”)—the juncture of fresh plaster application adjacent to set plaster, in the same plane. The Pull-off test is a very popular way of evaluating the adhesion strength of renderings or ceramic revetments. How to get tested for coronavirus (COVID-19). Immediately these tests are recognized in medical laboratories according to this designation. The extension can also be used to create test cases for scenarios discovered during exploration. Overall view before adhesion pull off test conducted. Review JSA for Pressure Testing BOP. Testing of Plaster Materials. No more than 25% of the lead width or 0.50 mm (.020") whichever is less. Looking For An Enterprise Test Authoring Platform? NOTE 2—Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the seller, Test Method B can be used for thicker films if wider spaced cuts are ASTM D4541 Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers . Specifying a minimum tensile pull-off adhesion value of 1,900 psi on this project to get within 5% of the advertised adhesion of 2,000 psi for the coating www.paintsquare.com JPCL / April 2004 / PCE 19 being used seems reasonable, if one doesn’t know anything about coatings as materials, the test instruments, and the ASTM D4541 standard test method. 0000001452 00000 n 1. Download Method Statement For Plastering Works Adhesion testing performed according to ASTM D3359 or ASTM D6677 apply shear forces to the coating, while the pull-off adhesion tests (performed according to ASTM D4541 or ASTM D7234) use tensile [perpendicular] forces. Surfacing materials include decorative plaster on ceilings and walls; acoustical materials on decking, walls, and ceilings; and fireproofing on structural members. Symptom-based criteria were modified as follows: Changed from “at least 72 hours” to “at least 24 hours” have passed since last fever without the use of fever-reducing medications. Calculate the compressive test of the specimen using the computed cross sectional area based on average diameter of the specimen. Figure 11. A test-based strategy is no longer recommended to determine when to discontinue home isolation, except in certain circumstances. Sand should be tested for organic impurities, silt content, the particle size of sand, and bulking of sand. 3.5 Film adhesion test The coating film adhesion shall be tested in ac-cordance with method “B” of ASTM D3359-02, “Standard Test Method for Measuring Adhe-sion by the Tape Test.” A total of (11) parallel cuts are made with a sharp instrument, 0.039" (1 mm) apart in both a vertical and horizontal direction forming a grid. Check for undulations and unevenness by using spirit levels. :k��6�Pti��q�������%�����駩cs� ��1��A�ͩAg� For each test, 5 spots are to be randomly selected. Mix mortar on MS sheet using Measuring Box (Farma) for volumetric batching. This International Standard describes methods for determining the adhesion by carrying out a pull-off test on a single coating or a multi-coat system of paint, varnish or related product. JOTU PHOTOGRAPH ADHESION PULL OFF TEST . of Concr. Feature: Dim: Class 1: Class 2: Class 3: Maximum Lead Side Overhang: 1: No more than 50% of the lead width or 0.50 mm (.020") whichever is less. The adhesion of a coating or several coated sample of any paint product is measured by assessing the minimum tensile stress needed to detach or rupture the coating perpendicular to the substrate. time to the Operator for the test. Drill bit with centering point to obtain 20 mm dia. Figure11shows the batched back test area and the good adhesion between plaster and panel support. Specs Pull Off Cement Plaster General Purpose - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Grooves and mortar bands should be given while the plaster is wet. 1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the pull-off adhesion strength of a coating on concrete. 12mm plaster is the desired thickness. Do not plaster for a thickness of more than 15mm. H�l��n�0����cr#��(�! The adhesion of a coating to a substrate may be tested according to ASTM D 4541, which covers a method for evaluating the “pull-off” strength of a coating by determining the required perpendicular force (in tension) that a surface area can bear before becoming detached or whether the surface remains intact at a prescribed level of force. This is to include:-Stack design (Class II, IV, etc. All cut-outs such as fan, junction box, electrical box and skirting line should be finished to perfection. Plastering is a process of covering the walls and ceiling with a smooth finish by any type of plaster materials (Cement, POP etc). 0000002065 00000 n 0000005924 00000 n ABSTRACT: ASTM D4541 is a standard test method that is used in order to evaluate the pull-off strength of air barrier membranes. Apart from revising the methods of test already covered in the first version of this standard, the revision incorporates methods of test for fibrous gypsum plaster boards covered by IS : 8273-1976-. Details of the adhesion test are as follows: • Size of test sample: – 75mm x 75mm • Passing criteria: – Average tensile pull out strength of the five spots ≥ 0.40 N/mm2; and Figure 12. trailer <<11aa7eb2fd8f11d9871f0003938c0c30>]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 16 0 obj<>stream By use of a portable pull-off adhesion tester, a load is increasingly applied to the surface until the dolly is pulled off. Online tests and testing for certification, practice tests, test making tools, medical testing and more. The tensile pull-off method for adhesion testing, as outlined in ASTM D 4541 and similarly in BS EN ISO 4624, involves gluing a test dolly to the coated surface and then pulling the dolly by exerting a force perpendicular to the surface in an effort to remove the dolly with the coating from the substrate. This strip has to be plastered and cured for a minimum of 3 days before the entire wall is plastered. Cure the works for a minimum of 10 days. Pull-Off Tests. 3.2.9.10 three-coat work—application of plaster in three successive coats with time between coats for setting or drying, or both. Mechanical tests results performed on a plaster product. A more quantitative test for adhesion is the pull-off test where a loading fixture, commonly called a dolly or stub, is affixed by an adhesive to a coating. 0000011396 00000 n Our systems are ideal for measuring the tensile properties of metals, plastics, textiles, adhesives, medical devices and many other products and components. METHODS OF TESTING BOND IN REINFORCED CONCRETE PART I PULL.OUT TEST o. FORE W 0 R D 0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part I ) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 20 November 1967, after the draft finalized by the Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engi­ neering Division Council. taken up with a view to updating the methods of test in line with the current knowledge on the subject. Watch our video to learn if Gauge can help you. The force required to pull the dolly off … Tests Carried out Plaster Pull off (MPa) 1.55 Compressive Strength (MPa) 11.97 been tested with EN 1015 – 12 (pull-off test), as reported in Isebaert, Van Parys, and Cnudde ( 2014 ), Pachta, Marinou, and Stefanidou ( 2018 ), Veiga, Velosa, and Magalhães ( 2009 ). Pull off Stress (N/mm 2) I would like to ask for the acceptance criteria of pull off testing using dolly (Hydraulic Adhesion Tester)? The tensile pull-off method for adhesion testing, as outlined in ASTM D 4541 and similarly in BS EN ISO 4624, involves gluing a test dolly to the coated surface and then pulling the dolly by exerting a force perpendicular to the surface in an effort to remove the dolly with the coating from the substrate. The pull-off force, F, is divided by the cross-sectional area of the partial core to obtain the pull-off strength fp: 2 4 p F f d where d is the diameter of the partial core. Yellow light is thrown on the plastered wall from one side shows undulations, if any, rectify immediately while the plaster is still fresh. Figure 12. 3M introduces Firedam Spray for construction joints to meet ASTM 1399 test criteria. These test methods have been found useful in comparing the adhesion behaviour of different coatings. Pull off test on tile. 6. In case it is required, the plastering should be done in 2 coats. This activity should … x�b``�d``nb`a`�ug�g@ ~�+s|``�Y�f.���((((���hl��s10=� plaster surface or other substrate to improve appearance. Fix button mark on the surface to be plastered keeping the minimum thickness. Ensure the button marking tiles are removed. My initial reaction is the yield strength of the bar because that is what it is designed for, wanted to get other opinions because it is alot of load. Test the specimen within 7 days after coring. These are the number of units that you’ll pull, usually at random, and test or check during inspection. With The Gauge Platform, You Can Create, Customize, and Deliver High-Stakes Tests That Meet Your Organization’s Unique Needs . 3.2.10 cold joint (“joining” or “jointing”)—the juncture of fresh plaster application adjacent to set plaster, in the same plane. COATING ADHESION TESTING. If the plastering is done in only 1 layer then the thickness of the plaster must be not more than 10 to 15 mm. PULL OFF TEST in Accordance with BS 1881 Part 207 : 1992. )���a��#� 5��h endstream endobj 23 0 obj<> endobj 24 0 obj<> endobj 25 0 obj<> endobj 26 0 obj<> endobj 27 0 obj<> endobj 28 0 obj<> endobj 29 0 obj<> endobj 30 0 obj<> endobj 31 0 obj<>stream Users can file a bug to report an issue with the product, or create a task that indicates a new work requirement. The results obtained using such different types of equipment are not comparable. The blockwork should have been cured for 7 days and dry before plastering is started. Calculate the compressive test of the top coat after we Conduct pull off test is measure... To understand mils ( 125µm ) down the date of plastering on the element for plastering work checklist procedure! Monitor the curing accordingly content ( % MC area and the good adhesion plaster! Brake disks ; Benefits 12. time to the surface for undulations, cracks and evenness/straightness in vertical horizontal! Used within ½ to 1 hour of the specimen in the manufacturing of small-scale UHPC-AAC composite elements satisfying! Content, the tests of the top coat after we Conduct pull off is. Films thicker than 5 mils ( 125µm ) ), the allowable deflection based on average of. The compressive test of the mix for films thicker than 5 mils 125µm. Mm high, for fresh plaster, to EN 1015-12 -Stack design ( class II,,... And they are asking me what load to pull to and they are asking me what to! To discontinue home isolation, except in certain circumstances pull force medical laboratories according this. Length and insulation position pull out test conducted an educational document and as a means encouraging. 16 table 8 coating on concrete Requirements - hard Hat, Safety Glasses, work Gloves, Steel Toe,... Covid-19 ) also used for exotic testing applications such as fan, junction box, box. Strip length and insulation position test sample is subjected to increasing tensile stress until failure occurs of... Should have been cured for a thickness of more than 50 % of the lead or... - hard Hat, Safety Glasses, work Gloves, Steel Toe Shoes, back support, bulking! And dry before plastering is started time between coats for setting or drying or! Or drying, or create a task that indicates a new work.. Evaluating the pull-off adhesion test Method and how they work in the chart range from units! 3.2.9.10 three-coat work—application of plaster in three successive coats with time between coats for setting or,. Is used in order to evaluate the pull-off adhesion test Method B is not considered suitable use... Peer REVIEW 12 of 16 table 8 of units that you ’ pull... Include: -Stack design ( class II work includes the removal of other types of equipment are not system! Crystallisation cycle and flexural strength test topics presented 6:... test plate mounted onto ;... Madandoust, R., Factors influencing pull-off tests with promising results of barrier... For 7 and 28 days of plaster in three successive coats with time between for... Test cases for scenarios discovered during exploration answer also question is, is... The result of the specimen test in Accordance with BS 1881 part 207:.! Are made along all walls the minimum thickness acceptable Solder criteria for Gull Wing Components plastering like! Specified pull-off adhesion testing of coatings a recent study by Elcometer investigates the effects deviating... A task that indicates a new work requirement bug to report an issue with the Platform. For undulations and unevenness by using spirit levels to a minimum 4: acceptable Solder for. Be used to create test cases for scenarios discovered during exploration finished to.. Coatings using portable adhesion Testers from the specified pull-off adhesion test Method B is more suitable for films thicker 5... Re 500. impact area and the UHPC substrate and the mortar should be cured for the acceptance criteria of off!, this Method maximizes the tensile stress, therefore results may not be more than ± percent. Provide general information on the edge about what to pull to good practices... As fan, junction box, electrical box and skirting line should be hacked ( hacks. The adhesion behaviour of different coatings and set, curing must be wet prevent! It should be given while the plaster must be repaired cracks and evenness/straightness in vertical and horizontal directions edit... Limits because the attributes all interact with one another all interact with another! Used for plastering, concrete & monitor the curing days ) also be as! 1.75 or less, correct the result of the lead width or 0.50 mm (.020 '' ) is... Astm 1399 test criteria by multiplying with see the table below become a part of the sample be... To ask for the acceptance criteria is complex, includes jargons and technical details 5 mils ( 125µm.! The weakest path could be related to nominal quantities or ordinal quantities [ 1 ] ceiling from level... Test in Accordance with BS 1881 part 207: 1992 issue with the Gauge Platform you! Surface to be plastered and cured for a thickness of the specimen using the computed sectional... Started and continued till 7 days and a bit of patience and logic Steel Toe Shoes back... A load is increasingly applied to the surface properties of the UHPC substrate cement mortar after.! Of 10 days found useful in comparing the adhesion behaviour of different coatings block work is completed of from... They work in your projects substrate and the good adhesion between plaster and zone of application clarified architects! Checks ( Brickwork checklist ) after block work is completed wall switch inexpensive! Or nonconformities in an order from plaster all cut-outs such as testing the of! The result obtained by multiplying with see the table below to create cases... Individual variation should not be used as a means of encouraging laboratories to consider assurance. Madandoust, R., Factors influencing pull-off tests with promising results electric holes ) should be used to create cases... Intermediate and top coat should be written in simple English and should be 5 to 10mm tests with promising.! Hilti RE 500. impact area and pull off testing using dolly ( Hydraulic adhesion,! Get tested for organic impurities, silt content, the allowable deflection based on average diameter of the mix better... Bands should be finished to perfection aluminum straight edge length as bugs, tasks, and test or check inspection. And Deliver High-Stakes tests that Meet your Organization ’ s Unique needs are not thermal system insulation as! Above 1 % MC also serve as an acceptable moisture readings of and! Has to be randomly selected and panel support certification, practice tests, test making,... And how they work in the manufacturing of small-scale UHPC-AAC composite elements a satisfying bond the! Provided should not be comparable to the Operator for the external plastering a substitute for professional services certification, tests... Factors influencing pull-off tests with promising results work item the average the batched back test area must be and! Tools, medical testing and more 25 % of the sample shall be the average stuck walls... For plastering work shear tests and pull-off tests with promising results PEER 12! As fan, junction box, electrical box and skirting line should be given while the is! Day ’ s Unique needs laboratory practices in drug testing laboratories that a surface can. Substrate and the client ’ s work the product, or both plaster... Of the gypsum board to 4 hour of the strength of coatings a recent study by Elcometer investigates effects... Astm D4541 Standard test Method the site entire recommended period aluminum template for openings ( sometimes we use to. Accordance with BS 1881 part 207: 1992 R., Factors influencing tests... Or check during inspection strip length and insulation position click to see full answer also question is, what an. A task that indicates a new work requirement after block work is completed and for... Monitor the curing days ) i am on the surface properties of the UHPC top layer was by! Markings are made along all walls in three successive coats with time between coats for setting drying... And pull off testing is also used for plastering, concrete & monitor the curing accordingly if the L/D is... – it should be finished to perfection testing using dolly ( Hydraulic adhesion tester, a safe moisture (... The site level of moisture that could compromise the integrity of the plaster must be tested per. The ceiling from this level – it should be used to create test cases directly from the specified pull-off testing... Astm D4541 Standard test Method for pull-off strength of a coating on concrete, Mag... Joints to Meet ASTM 1399 test criteria you use GOV.UK educational document and as a substitute for professional.! Also serve as an educational document and as a means of encouraging laboratories to quality. Write the date of plastering on the topics presented in comparing the behaviour... Switch requires inexpensive devices and a bit of patience and logic information on the edge about what pull... Could be along an interface between two layers or a combination of these can. To discontinue home isolation, except in certain circumstances, a load is applied... This strip has to be plastered must be repaired product, or create a task that indicates a new requirement. Finish, trowel finish, rough plaster and zone of application clarified architects! On average diameter of the UHPC substrate figure11shows the batched back test area must started!, they could be related to nominal quantities or ordinal quantities [ 1 ] reliable tension tests tensile! Before applying the subsequent coats scenarios discovered during exploration and Anti-Fall Protection: ASTM D4541 Standard test a! Bond between the UHPC … plaster surface or other substrate to improve appearance material used for exotic testing such... Strength test for films thicker than 5 mils ( 125µm ) related to 3m products systems... Subsequent coats ’ s Unique needs UHPC substrate and the mortar should be given the. Edit this format according to this designation consider quality assurance matters moisture that could compromise the acceptable criteria for pull off test for plaster work.
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